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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

2.0K
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
3.9K
Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
8.3K
PID Controller01:19

PID Controller

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Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in various control systems to enhance stability and performance. In a thermostat, it adjusts heating or cooling based on the temperature difference between the actual and desired levels. They are often used in automotive speed systems, effectively managing sudden speed changes while maintaining a constant speed under varying conditions. On the other hand, PI controllers, commonly employed in voltage regulation, enhance stability...
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

5.3K
The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
5.3K
Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

1.8K
Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer
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Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

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All-digital cost-efficient CMOS pulse-expanded temperature sensor with digital set-point programming.

Chun-Chi Chen1, Zhe-Wei Wu1, Chih-Lung Tseng2

  • 1Department of Electronic Engineering (First Campus), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|March 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel, cost-efficient complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) pulse-expanded temperature sensor (PETS). This all-digital design simplifies hardware, reduces area, and achieves high accuracy for temperature sensing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Integrated Circuits
  • Sensor Technology
  • Digital Electronics

Background:

  • Conventional time-domain temperature sensors (TS) often require complex dual-core architectures for digital set-point programming.
  • Existing designs may rely on analog circuits for temperature compensation, increasing complexity and cost.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a cost-efficient, all-digital time-domain temperature sensor (TS) architecture with digital set-point programming.
  • To reduce hardware complexity and area compared to existing TS designs.
  • To achieve high accuracy and resolution in temperature sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a pulse-expanded temperature sensor (PETS) utilizing a single cyclic delay line as a shared core.
  • Integrated a D-type flip-flop for simultaneous temperature sensing and offset-error cancellation.
  • Implemented a programmable counter for generating programmable set-point time, eliminating analog compensation circuits.

Main Results:

  • The PETS prototype, fabricated in a 0.35-μm CMOS process, occupies a minimal core area of 0.021 mm².
  • Achieved a maximum inaccuracy within ±1°C over the 0-100°C range.
  • Demonstrated a sensor resolution of 0.23°C/LSB with the most compact architecture among comparable studies.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed PETS offers a highly compact and cost-efficient all-digital temperature sensing solution.
  • The simplified architecture and digital nature ensure straightforward portability and scalability for advanced CMOS processes.
  • This design effectively reduces circuit complexity and area while maintaining high performance.