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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis
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Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis

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Epitranscriptomic modulations optimize crop traits via messenger RNA modifications.

Yicheng Ren1, Dong Li1,2,3,4, Brian D Gregory5

  • 1College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.

The New Phytologist
|March 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epitranscriptomic modifications like m6A regulate gene expression in crops, impacting yield and quality. Understanding these dynamic RNA changes offers new precision breeding strategies for enhanced crop traits.

Keywords:
crop breedingepitranscriptomic regulationepitranscriptomic reprogrammingmRNA modificationmolecular traitsstress responses

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Global food demand necessitates crop improvement through precise gene expression regulation.
  • Epitranscriptomic modifications on mRNA offer a layer of post-transcriptional control, but their role in crop traits is not fully understood.
  • Recent research links epitranscriptomic enzymes to key crop characteristics like yield, quality, and stress tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the regulatory mechanisms of five key mRNA modifications (m6A, m5C, m1A, ac4C, and Ψ) in crops.
  • To analyze how these modifications affect mRNA stability, translation, and localization.
  • To discuss the applicability of Arabidopsis-derived epitranscriptomic mechanisms for crop improvement.

Main Methods:

  • Review of 13 functionally validated crop cases.
  • Analysis of how specific epitranscriptomic modifications reprogram mRNA functions.
  • Comparative analysis of crop and Arabidopsis epitranscriptomic regulation.

Main Results:

  • Five major mRNA modifications (m6A, m5C, m1A, ac4C, Ψ) were found to reprogram mRNA stability, translation, and localization across various crop species.
  • Whole-genome duplication and paralog specialization in crops lead to diverse epitranscriptomic enzyme repertoires and unique regulatory circuits.
  • Existing knowledge from Arabidopsis may not fully translate to crop applications due to species-specific adaptations.

Conclusions:

  • Epitranscriptomic reprogramming is a vital strategy for precision crop engineering, enhancing yield and quality.
  • Future research should focus on quantitative, base-resolution profiling and site-specific perturbation systems.
  • Developing predictive breeding tools based on epitranscriptomic data is crucial for future crop development.