Molecular biology of insect ATPases: from physiology to pest management

ATPases are indispensable molecular engines that couple ATP hydrolysis to ion transport and mechanical work, enabling pH regulation, ion homeostasis, neuronal excitability, and cellular energy production across insects. Three major families of ATPases (vacuolar-type H⁺-ATPases (V-ATPases), P-type ATPases, and F-type ATP synthases) exhibit distinct architectures, tissue localizations, and physiological roles, ranging from epithelial energization and calcium signaling to mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Recent structural and genomic studies have revealed extensive isoform diversity and lineage-specific adaptations, underscoring the central role of isoforms in insect physiology. Considering this functional framework, we appraise the growing evidence that these same ATPases provide strategic entry points for RNA interference (RNAi)-based pest management. Using RNAi of V-ATPase subunits consistently yields lethal or sterilizing phenotypes. In contrast, emerging data suggest that P- and F-type ATPases are involved in reproduction, osmoregulation, and energy metabolism, and are of scientific merit for RNAi. Advances in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) design, nanoparticle carriers, and plant-, microbe-, or spray-based delivery systems expand the practical reach of this approach, although species-specific barriers and ecological safeguards remain critical. Integrating physiological insights along with applied perspectives, this review highlights insect ATPases as both fundamental drivers of life processes and promising molecular targets. Such dual emphasis provides a roadmap for exploiting ATPase diversity while preserving ecological balance in next-generation pest-management strategies. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.