Water as a gas separation membrane

Efficient gas separation membranes are essential for carbon capture, biogas upgrading, and hydrogen purification. Inspired by how plants absorb CO₂ through water, we present a membrane platform that uses liquid water as the selective layer. Hydrophilic sub-100-nm pores stabilize water through strong capillary forces, enabling operation at feed pressures above 72 bar under dry and humid conditions. Selectivity is governed by gas solubility in water, while permeance is tuned by adjusting the water layer thickness. Reducing this thickness below 200 nm yields CO₂ permeances up to 11,600 gas permeation units with CO₂:N₂, CO₂:CH₄, and CO₂:H₂ selectivities of 40, 26, and 31, respectively, surpassing the performance of state-of-the-art membranes. Operation is sustained for over a week without water loss, and performance scales using commercially available porous polymer supports under mixed-gas crossflow conditions. Water's dissolution-based transport avoids saturation and reaction-rate limits, enabling a robust, high-performance, and environmentally benign gas separation platform.