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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles
Published on: June 13, 2017
Noah Thornton1, Ryan Stepp1, Vincent Nguyenkhoa1
1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Hyaluronic acid vocal fold injection augmentation (VFIA) shows a low complication rate, with inflammatory reactions resolving with treatment. Injection volume may influence risk, but COVID-19 vaccination status did not affect outcomes.
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