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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
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Interventions for Migraine and Sleep: A Systematic Review Exploring Their Bidirectional Association.

Marco Sforza1,2, Ilaria Mariani2, Federica Fazzini2

  • 1Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.

European Journal of Neurology
|March 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Migraine and sleep issues are linked. This review found that some migraine treatments improved sleep, while others had mixed results. Integrated approaches show promise for managing both conditions.

Keywords:
insomniamigrainenon‐pharmacological interventionspharmacological interventionssleep disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Migraine and sleep disturbances have a complex, bidirectional relationship.
  • Interventions targeting one condition may impact the other.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for effective patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review interventions for migraine and their effects on sleep.
  • To examine interventions for sleep and their effects on migraine outcomes.
  • To synthesize evidence on integrated treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across six databases (PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL) until December 5, 2023.
  • Inclusion of Randomized Clinical Trials, Controlled Clinical Trials, and observational studies in adults.
  • Risk of bias assessment using RoB 2 and ROBINS-E tools.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacological migraine treatments (erenumab, amitriptyline, propranolol, onabotulinumtoxinA) reduced migraine frequency/pain but had variable sleep effects; melatonin was ineffective.
  • Non-pharmacological migraine interventions (nerve stimulation, nerve blocks, green light, binaural beats, mindfulness, diet) improved both migraine and sleep.
  • Digital Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) improved headache days and sleep; standard CBT-I showed mixed results.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated approaches combining migraine and sleep interventions show potential for symptom management.
  • Study heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and outcome variability limit generalizability.
  • Further research is needed to refine strategies and assess long-term effects of combined treatments.