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Related Concept Videos

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor03:08

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Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Dehydration, polymorphism and ionic conductivity of sodium hypodiphosphates.

Marta Otręba1, Vasyl Kinzhybalo2, Aleksandra M Sokołowska1

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław, 50-383, Poland.

Acta Crystallographica Section B, Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials
|March 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study details the characterization of twelve sodium diphosphate compounds, including their dehydration processes and sodium ion conductivity. Compound 4 showed promising ionic conductivity, reaching 10^-4 S/m.

Keywords:
crystal structuredehydrationhypodiphosphoric acidionic conductivitypolymorphismpowder X-ray diffractionsodium saltsthermal analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Sodium diphosphate hydrates are important in various chemical applications.
  • Understanding their structural and conductive properties is crucial for material development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a series of sodium diphosphate compounds.
  • To investigate their dehydration behavior and sodium ion conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Variable-temperature optical microscopy
  • Thermogravimetry (TGA)
  • Single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction
  • Bond valence sum method

Main Results:

  • Twelve sodium diphosphate compounds were synthesized and characterized.
  • Dehydration studies revealed one-step transformations to anhydrous forms.
  • Sodium ion conductivity was calculated for anhydrous compounds, with compound 4 measured at 10^-4 S/m between 300-420 K.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive characterization of sodium diphosphate hydrates and their anhydrous forms.
  • Compound 4 exhibits notable sodium ionic conductivity, suggesting potential applications in sodium-ion batteries or solid electrolytes.