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The Association Between Receiving Medications for Opioid Use Disorder and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing:
Journal of Addiction Medicine
|March 24, 2026
Summary
People receiving medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in rural areas were more likely to be tested for HIV. This highlights the importance of integrating HIV screening into addiction treatment settings for people who use drugs.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology
- Addiction Medicine
Background:
- Injection drug use significantly increases the risk of blood-borne infectious diseases, including HIV.
- Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) often face barriers to healthcare access, particularly in rural settings, leading to lower rates of HIV screening.
- Addiction treatment centers present a crucial opportunity to improve HIV screening for people who use drugs (PWUD).
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the association between receiving medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and HIV testing rates among PWUD in rural areas.
- To assess the prevalence of HIV testing within a rural population of PWUD.
- To identify potential strategies for increasing HIV screening in rural addiction treatment settings.
Main Methods:
- The Rural Opioid Initiative (ROI) surveyed 2,649 PWUD across 65 rural counties in 10 US states from January 2018 to March 2020.
- Participants were eligible if they used opioids or injected drugs in the past 30 days.
- Relative risk regression was used to analyze the association between MOUD receipt and past-year HIV testing.
Main Results:
- Participants receiving MOUD in the past year had a higher prevalence of HIV testing (42%) compared to those not receiving MOUD (29%).
- The adjusted relative risk of HIV testing was 1.42 times greater for individuals receiving MOUD in the past 30 days compared to those who did not (95% CI: 1.25-1.62).
- Overall HIV testing prevalence among this rural PWUD population was low, falling short of recommended guidelines.
Conclusions:
- HIV testing rates among rural PWUD are low, underscoring a gap in public health surveillance and prevention efforts.
- Integrating HIV screening into medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment may enhance testing uptake in rural areas.
- Further research is needed to optimize HIV testing strategies within diverse rural drug treatment settings.
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