Shaping Micelles, Targeting Cancer: The Power of Block Copolymer Architectures

Targeted micellar systems based on block copolymer micelles (BCMs) have become promising nanocarriers for cancer treatment because they can encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, improve pharmacokinetics, and facilitate tumor-specific delivery. BCMs, created through the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers, are designed to bypass various biological barriers. This review discusses the multifaceted strategies employed by BCMs to overcome biological barriers that often impede therapeutic effectiveness. We first discuss the concept of BCMs, followed by an exploration of critical mechanisms, including opsonization, vascular flow dynamics, and the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment that facilitate their penetration and accumulation at tumor sites. Additionally, we examine various therapeutic applications of BCMs in cancer treatment, focusing on specific types such as amphiphilic copolymers, pluronics, and zwitterionic systems. Furthermore, this review covers the clinical nanoformulations of polymeric micelles. By leveraging the diverse properties of block copolymers, we highlight their potential to revolutionize targeted cancer therapies, addressing challenges in drug delivery and improving future outcomes.