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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data
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Persistent site-scale warming associated with solar photovoltaic installations.

Chao Zhang1, Wanjiao Li2, Junjie Tang3

  • 1College of Resources and Environmental Economics, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot, 010070, Inner Mongolia, China; School of Environment and Energy, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.

Journal of Environmental Management
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Large-scale solar farms in arid regions cause persistent warming, increasing local air temperature by 0.8°C. This solar photovoltaic development alters energy balance and microclimates.

Keywords:
Air temperaturePV farmRadiation budgetSemi-arid region

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Climate Science
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) farms are crucial for meeting energy demands and reducing emissions in semi-arid regions.
  • Land-cover transformation by PV farms may disrupt local energy balance and modify near-surface thermal conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To verify the hypothesis that solar PV farms alter local thermal conditions in semi-arid desert environments.
  • To quantify the impact of PV installations on air temperature, land surface temperature, and radiation balance.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a two-year field experiment in a semi-arid desert region in Inner Mongolia, China.
  • Utilized ground-based meteorological observations and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based thermal mapping.
  • Analyzed changes in air temperature, daily temperature range, land surface temperature, net radiation, albedo, and outgoing longwave radiation.

Main Results:

  • The PV farm showed a 0.8°C increase in mean air temperature and a 1.9°C reduction in daily temperature range.
  • UAV thermal mapping revealed land surface temperature increases of 0.3-4.1°C in PV areas.
  • Net radiation increased by 8.3 W m⁻², driven by decreased albedo and increased net shortwave radiation.

Conclusions:

  • Photovoltaic installations in semi-arid deserts lead to persistent site-scale warming.
  • Altered energy balance, characterized by reduced albedo and increased net radiation, contributes to warming.
  • Findings highlight potential microclimatic impacts and environmental trade-offs of PV deployment in dryland ecosystems.