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Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

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Freeze-Dried Cellulose Separators: Enabling Stable Cathode- and Anode- Electrolyte Interphase in High-Performance

Cindy Rusly¹, Hsun-Yi Chen², Feng-Cheng Chang³

¹Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.

Bioresource Technology

|March 25, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a novel, sustainable cellulose separator for lithium metal batteries (LMBs) made using an all-water freeze-drying method. This eco-friendly separator enhances battery performance and longevity by improving electrolyte interaction and suppressing dendrite growth.

Keywords:

All-water-based fabrication CEI Cellulose separator Lithium-metal battery SEI

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Sustainable Energy

Background:

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) offer higher energy density than Li-ion batteries for applications like electric vehicles.
Conventional polyolefin separators in LMBs have limitations: poor mechanical strength, thermal stability, Li dendrite susceptibility, and environmental concerns.
Biodegradable cellulose separators are promising, but fully aqueous fabrication methods are underdeveloped.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel, sustainable, and fully aqueous method for fabricating cellulose-based separators for LMBs.
To investigate the properties and performance of these cellulose separators compared to conventional ones.
To demonstrate the potential of these separators in enhancing LMB performance and lifespan.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of cellulose-based separators using an all-water-based freeze-drying process.
Characterization of separator properties, including wettability and interfacial energy.
Evaluation of LMB performance using LiFePO4 and carbon-sulfur composite electrodes with the novel separators.

Main Results:

The novel cellulose separator was successfully fabricated via a sustainable, all-aqueous freeze-drying method.
The cellulose separator demonstrated enhanced wettability and lower interfacial energy with electrolytes compared to polyolefin separators.
Improved anode and cathode electrolyte interfacial layer formation was observed, suppressing dendrite growth.
Superior lithium metal battery performance and longevity were achieved with both LiFePO4 and carbon-sulfur composite electrodes.

Conclusions:

The developed freeze-dried cellulose separator offers a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional polyolefin separators for LMBs.
The separator's properties contribute to enhanced battery performance, stability, and lifespan.
This work highlights the potential of aqueous-processed cellulose separators for next-generation energy storage applications.