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Poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)/hydroxyapatite based composites for bone tissue

Parul Shukla1, Amrit Pritam Rout1, Arnab Banerjee2

  • 1Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed Poly (L-Lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) biocomposites with hydroxyapatite (HAp) for bone regeneration. The optimized 3 wt% PLA/PHBHHx_HAp composite showed enhanced bioactivity and cytocompatibility.

Keywords:
Bioactive ceramicControlled degradationIn vitro cytocompatibilityMelt extrusionOrthopaedic implantPLA/PHBHHx blend

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Bone tissue engineering requires materials with specific properties for cell integration and regeneration.
  • Poly (L-Lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) are biodegradable polymers with potential for biomedical applications.
  • Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a bioactive ceramic that promotes bone formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the properties of melt-extruded PLA/PHBHHx blends incorporating hydroxyapatite (HAp) for bone tissue engineering.
  • To optimize the composition of PLA/PHBHHx_HAp composites for enhanced mechanical strength, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility.
  • To evaluate the in vitro degradation and cellular response of the developed biocomposites.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Poly (L-Lactic acid) (PLA)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) composites with varying hydroxyapatite (HAp) content (3-10 w/w%) via melt extrusion.
  • Assessment of mechanical properties, including impact strength, of the fabricated composites.
  • In vitro evaluation of bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) and hydrolytic degradation studies.
  • In vitro cytocompatibility testing using MG-63 osteoblast cells to assess adhesion, viability, and differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Impact strength decreased with increasing HAp content, with 3 wt% PLA/PHBHHx_HAp showing optimal strength (123.8-476.1 J/m).
  • Composites exhibited excellent in vitro bioactivity, forming a bone-like apatite layer in SBF.
  • Slow and gradual degradation was observed (4.1-5.6% mass loss after 60 days).
  • Composites with higher PHBHHx content demonstrated superior MG-63 osteoblast adhesion, viability, and induced calcium deposition.

Conclusions:

  • PLA/PHBHHx_HAp biocomposites are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering applications.
  • The developed materials offer a balance of tunable mechanical properties, demonstrated bioactivity, and good cytocompatibility.
  • Further research into these mechanically tuned biomaterials could lead to effective treatments for osseous defects.