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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah
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COVID-19 and Pregnancy: Key Findings.

Gabrielle Gimenes Lima1,2, Ana Flávia Segati1,2, Giovanna Santos Oliveira1,2

  • 1Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.

Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
|March 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pregnant individuals face higher risks from symptomatic COVID-19, but vertical transmission is rare. Maternal vaccination offers significant neonatal protection through antibody transfer, though more research is needed.

Keywords:
SARS‐CoV‐2immune responseimmunisationpregnancyvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Obstetrics
  • Virology

Background:

  • Pregnant individuals were prioritized for COVID-19 research due to heightened susceptibility and limited clinical trial data.
  • Concerns existed regarding maternal infection, immunological changes, placental susceptibility, and antibody transfer post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current evidence on maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination during pregnancy.
  • To examine immunological adaptations, placental responses, and antibody transfer in pregnant individuals.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review.
  • Evidence was synthesized from existing research on maternal COVID-19 infection and vaccination.

Main Results:

  • Symptomatic COVID-19 in pregnancy increases risks of severe outcomes; vertical transmission is rare.
  • Placental pathology primarily involves maternal vascular malperfusion and inflammation, with minimal evidence of direct viral infection.
  • Maternal vaccination, especially mRNA vaccines, elicits strong IgG responses and efficient antibody transfer to neonates, providing passive protection.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal vaccination is crucial for conferring neonatal immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
  • Further research is essential to address optimal vaccine timing, duration of neonatal immunity, and responses to emerging variants.
  • Standardized research and inclusion of pregnant individuals are vital for global maternal health policy.