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Developing a community-based screening model for refractive error in school-aged children in Indonesia
Tri Rahayu1, Kianti R Darusman2, Muhammad I Kamaruddin3
1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Insights
A community-based screening model for refractive errors in Indonesian children was developed using expert consensus. This model aims for early detection and improved child development outcomes through integrated healthcare.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Ophthalmology
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Uncorrected refractive errors pose a significant public health challenge for Indonesian school children.
- A comprehensive screening model is crucial for early detection and intervention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a community-based screening model for refractive error detection in Indonesian school-aged children.
- Establish implementation guidelines across multiple healthcare dimensions through expert consensus.
Main Methods:
- A three-round Delphi consensus study involving 86 multidisciplinary experts in Indonesia.
- Examined five key dimensions: policy, screening period/frequency, program design, human resources, and facilities/infrastructure.
- Iterative gathering of expert opinions on practical implementation and system integration.
Main Results:
- Consensus on integrating primary healthcare, establishing national guidelines, and allocating dedicated funding.
- Recommended annual screenings with age-appropriate methods and standardized training.
- Identified key infrastructure requirements and data management protocols.
Conclusions:
- A comprehensive screening model was developed for early detection of refractive errors and improved child development.
- The model emphasizes stakeholder engagement and healthcare system integration.
- Future research should evaluate long-term outcomes and model adaptability.
Background:
Uncorrected refractive errors among school-aged children in Indonesia represent a significant public health challenge, necessitating a comprehensive screening model. To develop a community-based screening model for refractive error detection in Indonesian school-aged children through expert consensus, establishing implementation guidelines across multiple healthcare dimensions.
Materials And Methods:
A three-round Delphi consensus study involving 86 multidisciplinary experts in Indonesia was designed to develop a structured screening model for community implementation. The study examined five key dimensions through systematic Delphi rounds: policy, screening period and frequency, program design, human resources, and facilities/infrastructure. Expert opinions were gathered iteratively, focusing on practical implementation aspects and system integration. Consensus measurement methodologies are typical of Delphi studies, including analysis of expert agreement levels and qualitative analysis of feedback patterns across consultation rounds.
Results:
Expert consensus emphasized primary healthcare integration, national guidelines establishment, and dedicated funding allocation. The model recommended annual screenings with age-appropriate methods, standardized training modules, and collaborative approaches between health and non-health professionals. Key infrastructure requirements and data management protocols were identified.
Conclusions:
The study developed a comprehensive screening model targeting early detection of refractive errors and improved child development outcomes. The model emphasizes stakeholder engagement and healthcare system integration. Future research should evaluate long-term outcomes and model adaptability in various settings.
