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Related Concept Videos

Unsymmetric Bending01:18

Unsymmetric Bending

939
Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from those in symmetrical bending, and are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions. In unsymmetrical bending, the neutral axis—where stress is zero—does not necessarily align with the geometric axes of the cross-section. The...
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
2.9K
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

13.7K
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
13.7K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.9K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.9K
Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis01:15

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

986
Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
When a bending moment is applied at an angle θ concerning the vertical axis of a symmetrical member, it can be resolved into components along the member's principal...
986
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.7K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.7K

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Rigid-Flexible Coupling Units Enable Robust Large Birefringence.

Jie Zhou1,2,3, Yanqiang Li1,4, Ji Qi1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|March 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new crystal, Sr4(VO4)2S3, using a rigid-flexible coupling strategy. This novel material offers exceptional birefringence and robust optical stability for advanced laser technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Optics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Birefringent crystals are crucial for polarization control in laser technologies.
  • Achieving both large birefringence and optical stability in crystals is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a rigid-flexible coupling strategy for designing novel birefringent crystals.
  • To introduce and characterize the new crystal Sr4(VO4)2S3.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and structural analysis of Sr4(VO4)2S3.
  • Measurement of optical birefringence and its temperature dependence.
  • Theoretical calculations of bond flexibility.

Main Results:

  • Sr4(VO4)2S3 exhibits exceptional birefringence (Δn = 0.52@550 nm), 249% higher than YVO4.
  • The crystal demonstrates robust birefringence across a wide temperature range (123-373 K) and environmental stability.
  • Rigid (VO4)3- tetrahedra and flexible (S3)2- units contribute to the material's properties.

Conclusions:

  • Rigid-flexible coupling is an effective design principle for creating birefringent materials with enhanced robustness.
  • Sr4(VO4)2S3 offers a promising new material for polarization optics in laser applications.
  • The study highlights the role of flexible anionic units in achieving high birefringence.