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One Earth + One Health: An Agile, Evolutionary, System-of-Systems Convergence Paradigm.

John C Little1, Roope O Kaaronen2, Michael Muthukrishna3,4

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|March 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Humans are transforming Earth systems, necessitating a holistic approach to One Earth and One Health. An evolutionary, system-of-systems paradigm offers a framework for understanding these interconnected systems across scales.

Keywords:
hetero-functional graph theorymodular evolutionniche constructionrealms of lifescientifically falsifiablesystems modeling languagetheoretical framework

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Earth system science
  • Systems theory

Background:

  • Human activities have profoundly altered Earth systems, creating complex interdependencies.
  • The Anthropocene is characterized by accelerating cultural and technological evolution.
  • A holistic approach is needed for One Earth and One Health initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an agile, evolutionary, system-of-systems paradigm.
  • To provide a scientifically falsifiable theoretical framework for analyzing complex systems.
  • To integrate geophysical, biophysical, sociocultural, and sociotechnical systems.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic identification, decomposition, and characterization of nested systems.
  • Application of a paradigm divided into somatic (external) and visceral (internal) realms.
  • Integration of niche construction within a global meta-ecosystem.

Main Results:

  • The paradigm enables analysis across scales from global to molecular.
  • It incorporates the evolutionary history of all Anthropocene systems.
  • It facilitates understanding of organismal niche construction.

Conclusions:

  • A causally coherent evolutionary framework is essential.
  • Cross-scale, modular, and hierarchical models with a common language are required.
  • Agile computational frameworks, decision-support systems, and educational pedagogy are necessary for implementation.