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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

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Chromatin accessibility regulates age-dependent nuclear mechanotransduction.

Yawen Liao1,2, Luezhen Yuan3, Trinadha Rao Sornapudi1

  • 1Laboratory of Multiscale Bioimaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cellular aging impairs the integration of environmental signals due to altered 3D chromatin organization. This age-related decline in chromatin accessibility affects fibroblast responses and highlights the AP-1 complex as a therapeutic target.

Keywords:
3D chromatinTGF-β signalingcellular aginggene expressionmechanotransduction

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Measuring Single-Cell Aging with an Imaging-based Biomarker of Chromatin and Epigenetic Aging
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Measuring Single-Cell Aging with an Imaging-based Biomarker of Chromatin and Epigenetic Aging

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Cellular responses to environmental cues are vital for function.
  • The impact of cellular aging on signal integration via chromatin organization is not well understood.
  • Investigating age-related changes in chromatin is crucial for understanding cellular dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how age-related changes in 3D chromatin organization affect human dermal fibroblast responses to mechanical tension and TGF-β.
  • To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying altered cellular responsiveness in aged cells.
  • To explore potential therapeutic targets for age-related cellular decline.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of young and aged human dermal fibroblasts.
  • Assessment of gene expression in response to combined mechanical and TGF-β stimuli.
  • Chromatin accessibility profiling.
  • Identification and validation of key transcription factors involved in regulating cellular responses.

Main Results:

  • Young fibroblasts showed synergistic gene expression enhancement to combined stimuli, while aged cells exhibited blunted or divergent responses.
  • Significant age-related differences in chromatin accessibility correlated with altered cellular responses.
  • The AP-1 complex and specific transcription factors were identified as critical regulators of these age-dependent mechanochemical responses.
  • Disruption of AP-1 activity inhibited fibroblast activation by preventing JUNB recruitment.

Conclusions:

  • 3D chromatin organization acts as a key integrator of mechanochemical signals.
  • Age-related alterations in chromatin organization modify cellular responsiveness, leading to impaired signal integration.
  • The AP-1 complex and its network represent potential therapeutic targets to counteract age-related cellular decline and restore cellular function.