Selective and sensitive determination of chlorophenol disinfection by-products in fish by defective MIL-101(Fe)-NH₂...

Trace disinfection by-products (DBPs) in aquatic products may have serious impact on human health via direct or indirect consumption. However, the accurate and sensitive quantification of trace chlorophenol DBPs in complex aquatic products still remains a great challenge. In this work, the defective MIL-101(Fe)-NH₂ enrichment medium was prepared for developing a selective membrane solid phase extraction (M-SPE) technology for quantifying trace chlorophenol DBPs in fish, coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). The established analytical method showed good selectivity, sensitivity and accuracy, achieving the limits of detection from 0.03 to 0.15 ng/mL and the recovery from 80.0% to 117%, achieving sensitivity comparable to that of HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify chlorophenol DBPs in grass carp and crucian carp, offering a selective and sensitive alternative for monitoring chlorophenol DBPs in fish, with practical advantages for routine analysis via compatibility with widely available HPLC-UV.