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Updated: Mar 28, 2026

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

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Invited review: Defining cattle handler skill-A systematic review and conceptual framework.

R Woiwode¹, M Marquardt¹, T Grandin²

¹Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583.

Journal of Dairy Science

|March 26, 2026

Summary

This study defines cattle handling skill using the VITAL model, identifying five key dimensions. This framework improves stockperson training, animal welfare, and handler safety in cattle production.

Keywords:

cattle handling competency framework handler skill stockmanship

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Area of Science:

Animal Behavior and Welfare
Agricultural Science
Human-Animal Interactions

Background:

Cattle handling is crucial for animal welfare, productivity, and handler safety.
Current understanding of stockperson skill is limited, hindering training and evaluation.
Defining handler skill is essential for understanding human-animal interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review literature on cattle handling and stockperson factors.
To develop a comprehensive, evidence-informed taxonomy of cattle handler skill.
To provide a framework for evaluating handler competence and improving outcomes.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of the Web of Science database.
Screening articles based on predefined inclusion criteria (cattle, handler influence, empirical data).
Grounded theory methods for data extraction and synthesis into a handler-centered taxonomy.

Main Results:

Identified 57 relevant peer-reviewed articles.
Developed the VITAL model (Values and Attitudes, Integration of Knowledge, Technical Execution, Situational Awareness, Continuous Learning).
The VITAL model comprises 5 interrelated dimensions of handler skill.

Conclusions:

The VITAL model offers a comprehensive framework for defining and evaluating cattle handler competence.
This taxonomy can guide the development of training curricula, assessment tools, and welfare standards.
Provides a shared vocabulary to enhance training consistency and improve animal welfare, worker safety, and productivity.