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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Increased Body Temperature01:25

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A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
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Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Nondisjunction01:21

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure
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Teratogen Update: Fever in Pregnancy.

Peeraya Sawangkum1, Lilla Markel2, Khush Shah3

  • 1Allegheny Perinatal Associates, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Birth Defects Research
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal fever during pregnancy, even transient, is linked to adverse fetal outcomes like birth defects and developmental disorders. Management and folic acid may reduce risks.

Keywords:
animal studiesbirth defectscongenital anomaliescongenital heart defectscraniofacial anomaliesfebrile illnessfevermaternal feverneural tube defectsteratology

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Developmental Biology
  • Teratology

Background:

  • Maternal fever (hyperthermia) during pregnancy is common.
  • Emerging evidence links transient maternal hyperthermia to adverse fetal outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review animal and human studies on maternal hyperthermia and pregnancy outcomes.
  • Examined associations with structural birth defects, neurodevelopmental disorders, fetal growth restriction, and pregnancy loss.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a narrative review of published literature.
  • Included experimental animal models and observational human studies on maternal hyperthermia and pregnancy outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Teratogenic effects of maternal hyperthermia are dose- and timing-dependent, with highest risk in the first trimester.
  • Associated outcomes include neural tube defects, craniofacial anomalies, congenital heart defects, neurodevelopmental disorders, fetal growth restriction, and pregnancy loss.
  • Potential mechanisms involve heat-induced cellular stress and maternal immune activation; folic acid and antipyretics may reduce risk.

Conclusions:

  • Consistent findings across models suggest a biologically plausible teratogenic effect of maternal fever.
  • Limitations include reliance on observational data, difficulty in temperature measurement, exposure assessment variability, and confounding factors.
  • Maternal fever is a potentially modifiable risk factor; preconception folic acid and fever management are supported preventative strategies.