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Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Published on: February 8, 2020

During natural vision, semantic novelty modulates fixation-related processing in primate cortex.

Vinay S Raghavan¹, Jens Madsen¹, Maximilian Nentwich²

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|March 27, 2026

Summary

The brain predicts upcoming visual information, integrating scenes across eye movements. A semantic novelty signal modulates neural activity, showing vision is a continuous, predictive process.

Keywords:

Intracranial EEG Natural Vision Scalp EEG Semantic Novelty Temporal Response Functions

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Computer Vision

Background:

Primate vision uses eye movements (saccades) to sample visual scenes.
Integrating semantic information across multiple gaze fixations is not well understood.
Existing research primarily explains low-level visual integration across saccades.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how the brain semantically integrates visual information across saccades.
To identify neural signals associated with semantic novelty during natural viewing.
To determine if visual processing is a continuous, predictive process.

Main Methods:

Utilized deep learning models to quantify semantic novelty in visual scenes.
Recorded human electroencephalography (EEG) during natural movie viewing (3.4 million saccades).
Performed intracranial recordings in humans (90,000 saccades) and non-human primates (33,000 saccades).

Main Results:

A semantic novelty signal was identified, modulating neural activity in frontal and occipital brain regions.
This modulation was stronger for dynamic (movies) than static visual stimuli.
In primates, frontal brain activity modulation preceded occipital activity, suggesting top-down predictive processing.

Conclusions:

The brain actively predicts semantic content across saccades, integrating visual information continuously.
Neural activity is modulated by semantic novelty, indicating a predictive coding mechanism in visual perception.
Findings suggest a unified framework for understanding visual processing in biological and artificial systems.