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Examining Marine Assemblages Across an Inverse Salinity Gradient.

Kirsty E Richards1, Simon Jarman1, Benjamin J Saunders1

  • 1School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

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|March 27, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Marine biodiversity significantly declined with increasing salinity in Shark Bay, Australia. Despite reduced diversity and altered community composition, essential ecological processes persisted across the inverse salinity gradient.

Keywords:
Hamelin PoolShark Bayenvironmental DNAseagrassworld heritage area

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Area of Science:

  • Marine ecology
  • Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Salinity gradients act as ecological filters, limiting species survival above 50 practical salinity units (PSUs).
  • Shark Bay, Western Australia, features a remote hypersaline coastal embayment with an inverse salinity gradient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of an inverse salinity gradient on marine community diversity and composition.
  • To assess the utility of eDNA metabarcoding for analyzing marine assemblages across environmental gradients.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 16S (fish), 18S, and 16S (Bacteria) eDNA metabarcoding assays.
  • Analyzed genetic sequences from 220 surface water and 216 benthic roller samples across 44 sites.
  • Covered a salinity range from 40.1 PSU to 76.0 PSU.

Main Results:

  • A total of 24,011,345 eDNA sequencing reads and 5575 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected.
  • Marine community diversity (Families and OTUs) decreased significantly with increasing salinity, particularly between 50-60 PSU.
  • While taxonomic composition shifted, the relative proportion of major Phyla remained stable, suggesting maintained ecological processes.

Conclusions:

  • Increasing salinity dramatically reduces marine biodiversity and alters community structure in Shark Bay.
  • Despite biodiversity loss, core ecological functions may be preserved across the gradient.
  • eDNA metabarcoding is a valuable tool for broad-scale marine community assessment in remote, challenging environments.