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Accessory Mandibular Foramina: An Anatomical Study in Dry Mandibles and Meta-Analysis
Zoi Maria Thomaidi1, Vasileios Papadopoulos1
1Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
Dentistry Journal
|March 27, 2026
Summary
Accessory mandibular foramina (AMaFs) are common anatomical variations. This study found AMaFs in about one-third of mandibles, potentially impacting dental procedures and anesthesia.
Area of Science:
- Anatomy
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- Dental Anesthesiology
Background:
- Accessory mandibular foramina (AMaFs) are clinically significant anatomical variations.
- Their morphology and spatial distribution are crucial for understanding mandibular anatomy.
Purpose of the Study:
- To characterize the morphology and spatial distribution of AMaFs in dry mandibles.
- To integrate existing evidence through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- To clarify the clinical relevance of AMaFs.
Main Methods:
- Direct osteological inspection of 96 dry mandibles.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 studies (PRISMA guidelines).
- Exclusion of radiological studies; focus on dry mandible and cadaveric material.
Main Results:
- AMaFs were found in 8.3% of analyzed dry mandibles (mean diameter 0.56 mm).
- Meta-analysis revealed AMaFs in approximately one-third of mandibles (unilateral 20.9%, bilateral 10.6%).
- AMaFs are typically located superior to the mandibular foramen, with significant heterogeneity observed.
Conclusions:
- AMaFs are prevalent anatomical variations, found in about one-third of mandibles.
- These foramina may represent accessory pathways for inferior alveolar nerve branching.
- Awareness of AMaFs is vital for clinicians performing mandibular surgery or administering local anesthesia.
