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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra
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Three-Dimensional Printing of a Spinal Interbody: Design Principles, Biomaterials, and Translational Considerations.

Sahil Garg1,2, Patrick Young1,2, Christopher Franquemont3

  • 1The Steadman Clinic, Vail, CO 81657, USA.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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3D-printed interbody fusion devices offer improved mechanical and biological properties over traditional implants. These advanced porous titanium and polymer cages show promise for enhanced bone fusion and reduced complications.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Conventional interbody fusion devices face limitations in balancing mechanical and biological requirements.
  • Traditional titanium and polymer cages struggle with optimal load sharing and osteointegration.
  • The interbody environment presents unique mechanical and biological challenges for spinal fusion implants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and translational potential of 3D-printed interbody fusion devices.
  • To explore how additive manufacturing integrates mechanical performance with biologically active scaffold design.
  • To evaluate the evolution, design, materials, and outcomes of 3D-printed interbody fusion devices.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of 3D-printed interbody fusion devices.
Keywords:
3D printinginterbody designlumbar fusion

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  • Evaluation of design principles, material properties, and translational outcomes.
  • Analysis of preclinical and early clinical studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Additive manufacturing allows precise control over implant architecture, creating porous, lattice-based cages.
    • 3D-printed porous titanium cages demonstrate potential to reduce subsidence and enhance osteointegration.
    • Scaffold porosity, surface features, and bioactive coatings influence biological responses like angiogenesis and osteogenesis.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D printing signifies a major advancement in interbody fusion device design.
    • Further translational research and long-term clinical studies are necessary.
    • Validation of efficacy is crucial for widespread clinical adoption of 3D-printed devices.