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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
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Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation01:23

Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation

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Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) are essential methods in respiratory care. These ventilation techniques offer unique benefits for patients with various respiratory conditions, providing adequate support without requiring intubation. Let's explore how each method is crucial in improving patient outcomes and enhancing respiratory therapy.
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques01:30

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Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

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Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management01:29

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Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a multifaceted approach to reduce symptoms, prevent exacerbations, improve overall health status, and slow disease progression. Key strategies include lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, supportive therapies, and, in some cases, surgery. Here is an overview of the primary COPD management strategies:
Smoking Cessation
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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Redefining Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Treatment in the Modern Era.

Jose Redondo1,2, Kori B Ascher2,3, Alexandre R Abreu2,3

  • 1Internal Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital and University of Miami, 1611 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA.

Pathophysiology : the Official Journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatments beyond CPAP, including devices, surgery, and new pharmacotherapies, offer personalized options. These therapies improve adherence and outcomes for better disease management.

Keywords:
CPAP adherencecarbonic anhydrase inhibitorshypoglossal nerve stimulationmandibular advancement devicesmaxillomandibular advancementneuromuscular electrical stimulationobstructive sleep apneapositional therapytirzepatide and weight loss

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Medicine
  • Otolaryngology
  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common and linked to heart disease, but CPAP adherence is often poor.
  • New treatments are emerging, allowing for personalized, mechanism-based OSA management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize evidence on OSA therapies beyond continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
  • To evaluate the efficacy, durability, and adherence of alternative OSA treatments.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review with quantitative synthesis of randomized trials, cohort studies, and registries.
  • Focused on oral appliances, surgery, hypoglossal nerve stimulation, and pharmacologic interventions.
  • Assessed outcomes like apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), blood pressure, symptoms, and adherence.

Main Results:

  • Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) showed good adherence and symptom relief in mild-to-moderate OSA.
  • Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery provided durable, significant OSA severity reduction.
  • Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) demonstrated durable AHI and symptom improvement with high adherence.
  • Weight loss medications (e.g., GLP-1 agonists like tirzepatide) significantly reduced AHI and cardiometabolic risk in obesity-associated OSA.

Conclusions:

  • OSA management is evolving towards personalized, multimodal approaches targeting airway collapse contributors.
  • Combining structural, neuromodulatory, and metabolic interventions can improve long-term disease control.
  • Future research should focus on head-to-head trials, cardiovascular outcomes, and clinical implementation tools.