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Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Hypersensitivities01:30

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Immunological Memory01:23

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Correction: Fukushima et al. Long-Term Immunogenicity of Rabies Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Japanese Adult Travelers: Comparison of Dosing Regimens. <i>Vaccines</i> 2025, <i>13</i>, 1169.

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How to Employ Trained Immunity and Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines to Inhibit Allergic Inflammation.

Wonho Kim1, Dooil Jeoung1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.

Vaccines
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trained immunity, a form of innate immune memory, offers broad protection against infections. This review explores how trained immunity and related therapies like allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) can be harnessed to treat allergic diseases.

Keywords:
allergen specific immunotherapyimmune toleranceinnate cellstrained immunitytrained immunity-based vaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Allergy Research

Background:

  • Trained immunity provides non-specific protection against infections via metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming.
  • Trained innate immune cells can adopt anti-inflammatory phenotypes, relevant for chronic inflammatory conditions like allergies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of trained immunity and its role in combating infections.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbVs) and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) for allergic diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on trained immunity, its molecular mechanisms (metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming), and its applications.
  • Discussion of TIbVs and AIT as immunomodulatory strategies for inducing immune tolerance.

Main Results:

  • Trained immunity offers protection against homologous and heterologous infections.
  • AIT promotes allergen tolerance by reprogramming innate immune cells, including monocyte differentiation into tolerogenic dendritic cells.

Conclusions:

  • TIbVs and AIT show promise as next-generation vaccines for allergic diseases.
  • Further research into AIT-induced tolerance, biomarkers, and delivery systems (e.g., lipid nanoparticles) is crucial for optimizing anti-allergy vaccines.