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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

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Published on: March 4, 2018

Age-Related Changes in Virtual Pivot Point Position and Variability During Pediatric Gait Development.

Lucas Schreff^1,2, Katharina Nirmaier², Christian Blank²

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)

|March 28, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ground reaction forces (GRFs) focus on a virtual pivot point (VPP) during walking in children. VPP position and variability change significantly with age, reflecting developing gait mechanics and trunk stabilization.

Keywords:

gait development gait variability ground reaction forces (GRF)markerless motion capture pediatric walking postural control toddlers virtual pivot point (VPP)

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Developmental Pediatrics
Human Locomotion

Background:

Ground reaction forces (GRFs) during adult walking intersect near the center of mass (CoM) at the virtual pivot point (VPP).
The VPP is theorized to aid upper body stabilization during locomotion.
The developmental trajectory of the VPP in early childhood remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate age-related differences in VPP position and variability during walking in typically developing children.
To analyze changes in GRF focusing across different childhood age groups.

Main Methods:

Markerless motion capture and force plates were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data.
29 children were divided into three age groups: 1 year, 2-3 years, and 10-15 years.
VPP position, variability, and GRF focusing (R² ) were analyzed in the sagittal plane during single support.

Main Results:

GRFs consistently focused on a VPP across all age groups (R² > 0.95), with no significant differences in focusing.
Significant age-related differences were observed in VPP position and variability.
Normalized vertical VPP position increased with age, and toddlers sometimes exhibited VPP at or below the CoM.

Conclusions:

GRF focusing is present in toddlers with independent walking ability.
VPP characteristics, including position and variability, undergo significant developmental changes throughout childhood.
Shifting VPP position and reduced variability suggest evolving gait mechanics and trunk stabilization strategies.