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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

89
Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
89
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

127
Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
127
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I

102
Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
102
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics

176
Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...
176
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Classification01:23

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Classification

250
Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...
250
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

208
Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
208

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study
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Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study

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Innovative Inclusion Complexes Clotrimazole: Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin-Modified Polyurethane Networks as Carriers

Suzana M Cakić1, Snežana S Ilić-Stojanović1, Ljubiša B Nikolić1

  • 1Faculty of Technology, University of Nis, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia.

Biomedicines
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New polyurethane networks incorporating hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) successfully formed inclusion complexes with clotrimazole (CLOT). These drug carriers exhibited prolonged drug release, showing potential for pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords:
HPLCSEMclotrimazolehydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrininclusion complexpolyurethaneslow releasethermal analysisx-ray diffractometry

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Science

Background:

  • Cyclodextrin-modified polymers are of interest for enhancing drug solubility, bioavailability, and stability.
  • Polyurethanes derived from cyclodextrins have demonstrated biomedical applications.
  • This study synthesized cross-linked polyurethane networks using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel HPβCD-modified polyurethane networks.
  • To prepare and investigate clotrimazole (CLOT) inclusion complexes with these networks.
  • To evaluate the drug release kinetics and potential of these complexes as drug carriers.

Main Methods:

  • Two-step polymerization method to synthesize HPβCD-based polyurethane networks with varying PEG chain lengths (PEG 2000, PEG 6000) and NCO/OH ratios.
  • Kneading and physical mixing methods to prepare CLOT inclusion complexes and physical mixtures.
  • Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for characterization.
  • In vitro drug release studies to determine release kinetics.

Main Results:

  • FTIR confirmed urethane linkages between HPβCD and isocyanate-capped prepolymers.
  • TGA indicated a slight increase in thermal stability of the complexes.
  • DSC and XRD results confirmed the formation of inclusion complexes by the absence of CLOT's endothermic peak and distinct XRD peaks in the physical mixtures.
  • SEM micrographs showed no phase segregation, supporting successful CLOT inclusion and entrapment.
  • In vitro release studies demonstrated diffusion-controlled kinetics, best described by the Higuchi model.

Conclusions:

  • Novel HPβCD-modified polyurethane networks were successfully synthesized and characterized.
  • The prepared inclusion complexes showed significantly prolonged clotrimazole release.
  • The NCO/OH molar ratio and polyol soft segment chain length influenced drug release, indicating potential for controlled drug delivery applications.