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Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

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Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
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Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
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Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

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Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
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The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

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Personalized Exercise Training Modulates Red Blood Cell Rheology and Morphology in Long COVID.

Anna-Lena Krüger1,2, Frederieke Schmidt1, Wilhelm Bloch1

  • 1Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individualized exercise programs may improve red blood cell (RBC) rheology in Long COVID patients. This study found reduced RBC aggregation and improved deformability, especially in those completing the program.

Keywords:
D-dimersexercise interventionferritinfibrinogenhematological parameterslong COVIDred blood cell aggregationred blood cell deformabilityred blood cells

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Hematology
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Long COVID presents with persistent fatigue and exercise intolerance, potentially linked to microcirculatory issues.
  • Altered red blood cell (RBC) rheology, including impaired deformability and aggregation, is implicated in Long COVID symptoms.
  • The impact of exercise interventions on RBC rheology in Long COVID requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effects of an individualized, symptom-responsive exercise program on RBC rheology in Long COVID patients.
  • To investigate changes in RBC aggregation, deformability, and morphology following a structured exercise protocol.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal pilot study involving 170 Long COVID participants in a five-phase training protocol.
  • RBC aggregation, deformability, hematological, coagulation, and iron markers were measured throughout the study.
  • RBC morphology was analyzed in a subgroup of 15 finishers at baseline and completion.

Main Results:

  • The overall cohort demonstrated decreased RBC aggregation and prolonged aggregation half-time with exercise.
  • RBC deformability changes were inconsistent in the full cohort, but improved in finishers.
  • Morphologically abnormal RBCs decreased in finishers, correlating with improved RBC deformability.

Conclusions:

  • An individualized exercise program may positively influence RBC rheology in Long COVID.
  • Exercise-induced improvements in RBC rheology appear linked to a reduction in abnormal RBC morphology.
  • Further controlled studies are necessary to validate these findings and explore clinical benefits.