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Related Concept Videos

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
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Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors01:25

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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Assessing Murine Resistance Artery Function Using Pressure Myography
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Association Between ACE (I/D) Polymorphism and Essential Hypertension (EH): An Updated Systematic Review and

Athina Smallwood1, Elizabeth Akam1, David John Hunter1

  • 1School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) D allele is linked to essential hypertension (EH), but this association varies significantly by ethnicity. Public health strategies should consider these genetic differences.

Keywords:
ACE (I/D)AfricanChineseEuropeanHispanicIndianMiddle Easternessential hypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Essential hypertension (EH) is a common condition with unknown causes, increasing with age.
  • The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism has been inconsistently linked to EH globally.
  • Understanding these genetic associations is crucial for public health planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the association between the ACE (I/D) polymorphism and EH.
  • To assess the consistency of effect sizes across diverse global populations.
  • To explore potential public health implications of these genetic associations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies from major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase).
  • Inclusion of studies published within the last 20 years with specific criteria.
  • Analysis of genotype data using various genetic models.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-two studies involving 7690 participants were analyzed.
  • Significant associations were found between the ACE D allele and EH across multiple genetic models (allelic, recessive, dominant, homozygote).
  • Subgroup analyses revealed significant associations in Indian and European populations, but not in African, Middle Eastern, or Hispanic groups.

Conclusions:

  • The ACE D allele is significantly associated with essential hypertension in certain populations.
  • The strength of this association varies considerably based on ethnicity.
  • These findings highlight the need for ethnically-tailored approaches in understanding and managing EH.