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A Novel Approach to Optimize the Rheology and Buildability of 3D-Printed Magnesium Phosphate Cement Composites Using
Mingxu Chen1, Xingyu Qu1, Yilin Wang1
1College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 28, 2026
Summary
Adding carbonated recycled aggregate (CRA) to 3D-printed magnesium phosphate cement composites (MPCCs) enhances printing stability and reduces structural deformation. This sustainable upcycling method improves rheology and buildability for advanced construction materials.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Civil Engineering
- Sustainable Construction
Background:
- Structural deformation control is critical for the stability of 3D-printed cement composites.
- Existing methods for improving 3D-printed cement composites often lack sustainability.
- Magnesium phosphate cement composites (MPCCs) offer potential for 3D printing but require rheological control.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effect of carbonated recycled aggregate (CRA) on the rheology and buildability of 3D-printed MPCCs.
- To assess the impact of CRA incorporation on the structural deformation and mechanical properties of MPCCs.
- To establish a sustainable upcycling route for enhancing 3D-printed cement composites.
Main Methods:
- Incorporation of varying amounts of CRA into MPCC mixtures.
- Rheological testing to measure static yield stress and storage modulus.
- Analysis of phase angle to determine solid-like behavior.
- Mechanical testing for compressive and flexural strength.
- Measurement of structural deformation during 3D printing.
Main Results:
- CRA significantly increased static yield stress (2210.96 to 6238.18 Pa) and storage modulus, improving buildability.
- CRA content above 15% resulted in a phase angle < 45°, indicating predominantly solid-like behavior.
- Structural deformation decreased from 14.39% to 6.91% due to CRA's rough surface promoting uniform stress transfer.
- Compressive and flexural strength decreased with increasing CRA content, with a pronounced decline above 10% due to higher porosity.
Conclusions:
- Carbonated recycled aggregate effectively controls rheology and improves the printing stability of MPCCs.
- The incorporation of CRA offers a sustainable upcycling strategy for 3D-printed cement composites.
- While mechanical strength is slightly reduced, the enhanced buildability and reduced deformation are significant advantages for 3D printing applications.
Keywords:
3D printingmagnesium phosphate cementrecycled aggregaterheological propertiesstructural deformationMore Related Videos
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