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Mortar Joint Deterioration in Masonry01:13

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Mortar joint deterioration is a significant concern in masonry structures, with water accumulation in the joints leading to damage from freeze-thaw cycles. The repeated expansion of water during freezing and its melting during thawing develop and propagate cracks in the masonry joints. Eventually, this leads to the spalling of mortar from the joints, loosening masonry units and weakening the structure. The deteriorated mortar joints are also vulnerable to moisture intrusion into the walls.
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Reinforced brick masonry is an advanced construction technique that enhances the structural integrity of brick walls by incorporating steel reinforcements. These reinforcements are either placed within the hollow cores of bricks or sandwiched between two layers of masonry, known as wythes, and are then secured in place with grout. Grout is a fluid mixture composed of Portland cement, aggregate, and water, providing the necessary bonding agent for the steel and brick.
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Mortar joints play a critical role in brick masonry, filling the spaces between brick to bind them together and provide structural integrity and strength. The thickness of these joints is variable, typically ranging from less than one-fourth inch to over half an inch, based on structural needs and specific applications.
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Brick masonry uses bricks as the building blocks and involves building walls from individual bricks laid in mortar. The basic building block of brick masonry is the wythe, a vertical layer of bricks with a thickness of one brick. Within a wythe, bricks can be laid in various courses or patterns, with the most common being the stretcher course, where bricks are laid with their long edge horizontal and face parallel to the wall.
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Post-tensioned masonry walls use high-strength steel rods or flexible tendons to enhance the strength and efficiency of masonry structures. These elements are securely anchored to the foundation and extend vertically either within the cores of the masonry units or between the masonry wythes. The construction process involves building the wall with these tensioning elements in place and allowing the mortar to fully cure.
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Intermediate Strain Rate Material Characterization with Digital Image Correlation
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Full-Field Assessment of Damage Evolution in Compressed Masonry with Bed Joint Reinforcement Using Digital Image

Artur Piekarczuk1, Przemysław Więch1, Jacek Głodkiewicz1

  • 1Building Research Institute, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Bed joint reinforcement in autoclaved aerated concrete masonry does not increase compressive strength. However, steel truss reinforcement aids in strain redistribution and delays crack formation, highlighting its diagnostic value.

Keywords:
autoclaved aerated concretebed joint reinforcementcompressive loadingcrack morphologydamage evolutiondigital image correlationmasonrymaterial health monitoringstrain localisation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Structural Engineering
  • Civil Engineering

Background:

  • Masonry structures are susceptible to damage and cracking under axial compression.
  • Bed joint reinforcement is explored as a method to enhance masonry performance.
  • Understanding reinforcement effects on damage evolution is crucial for structural integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different bed joint reinforcement systems on damage and crack development in masonry.
  • To compare the performance of steel truss, carbon fibre mesh, and steel cords reinforcement against unreinforced masonry.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of digital image correlation (DIC) in monitoring deformation and strain localization.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental testing of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry samples under axial compression.
  • Application of various bed joint reinforcement systems: steel truss, carbon fibre mesh, steel cords in fibreglass matrix.
  • Utilizing digital image correlation (DIC) for full-field deformation and strain localization monitoring.

Main Results:

  • No significant increase in compressive load-bearing capacity was observed across reinforced specimens compared to the unreinforced control.
  • Steel truss reinforcement demonstrated a notable effect on strain redistribution and delayed tensile strain localization.
  • Carbon fibre mesh and steel cords showed limited influence on crack morphology, with damage evolution differing significantly from the control.

Conclusions:

  • Bed joint reinforcement in compressed masonry should be considered a non-structural enhancement.
  • Steel truss reinforcement offers benefits in managing strain localization and crack development.
  • Full-field deformation monitoring (DIC) is a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing damage and crack control in masonry.