Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preplaced Aggregate Concrete01:29

Preplaced Aggregate Concrete

460
Preplaced aggregate concrete is ideal for construction environments that are not easily accessible. The process begins by properly wetting the gap-graded coarse aggregates to remove the dirt, then placing it in the form and compacting it. Voids are filled with a mortar mix pumped under pressure through slotted pipes. This mortar typically consists of Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan helps reduce bleeding and segregation while improving the...
460
Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

471
Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
471
Placing Concrete01:17

Placing Concrete

1.3K
The concrete is placed as close as possible to its final position to avoid segregation. The placed concrete is then fully compacted to expel the entrapped air, and the next layer of concrete is laid while the underlying layer is still in the plastic state. The rate at which concrete is placed and compacted is kept equal.
While placing concrete, care is taken to ensure that the concrete is laid in uniform layers, and hand shoveling and moving concrete using poker vibrators is avoided. Also,...
1.3K
Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

482
When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
482
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

549
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
549
Water Cement Ratio01:28

Water Cement Ratio

1.8K
The water-cement ratio is pivotal in defining concrete's quality. This ratio, a balance between the weight of water and cement in the mix, shapes the concrete's strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. As identified by Abrams’ law, less water in the mix equates to stronger concrete. However, water is essential not only for the chemical process of hydration but also for the concrete's workability and compaction. While hydration chemically binds water and...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Performance of Modified Cement-Based Slurry Incorporation with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Polycarboxylate Ether Superplasticizer (PCE) and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) Under High-Temperature.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

ZnZrF<sub>6</sub>-Based Electrolytes are Used in High-Stability Zinc-Ion Capacitors.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Spatio-dipolar synergy modulated interfacial molecular bridge for calendar-aging-resistant aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

National science review·2026
Same author

Emergence of two novel HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRF190_0708 and CRF191_0708): molecular characterization and clinical insights from a five-year study in Yunnan, China.

BMC microbiology·2026
Same author

Coordinated sub-cycle modulation atomic layer deposition of atomically homogeneous GeTe<sub>9</sub> thin films for high-performance OTSs.

Materials horizons·2026
Same author

The impact of political climate on student health and wellbeing: a qualitative study.

BMC public health·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
07:42

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

Published on: November 21, 2017

10.2K

Research and Development of Cement-Based Dynamic Water Grouting Material for the CSM Construction Method.

Zhigang Yang1, Fansheng Zhang1, Yong Chang2

  • 1College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed an improved cement grout for cutter soil mixing (CSM) construction in dynamic water. The new material exhibits excellent anti-dispersion and waterproofing, making CSM viable for challenging underground engineering projects.

Keywords:
CSM construction methodanti-dispersiondrouting materialdynamic water environmentimpermeability

More Related Videos

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion
06:27

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion

Published on: September 12, 2019

10.3K
Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores
09:32

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

Published on: November 20, 2014

12.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
07:42

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

Published on: November 21, 2017

10.2K
Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion
06:27

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion

Published on: September 12, 2019

10.3K
Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores
09:32

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

Published on: November 20, 2014

12.7K

Area of Science:

  • Civil Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Geotechnical Engineering

Background:

  • Cutter soil mixing (CSM) is crucial for underground waterproof diaphragm walls.
  • Cement slurry used in CSM suffers performance degradation in dynamic water environments.
  • Existing methods struggle to meet engineering requirements in moving water conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an improved CSM material suitable for dynamic water environments.
  • To enhance the stability, fluidity, and anti-dispersion properties of cementitious grout.
  • To address the limitations of conventional cement slurries in underwater construction.

Main Methods:

  • Modified ordinary Portland cement with additives: hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), redispersible latex powder, polypropylene fiber, and polyether defoamer.
  • Investigated the influence of each component on material performance in dynamic water.
  • Determined the optimal mix ratio for the enhanced CSM material.

Main Results:

  • The developed CSM material demonstrates good stability, controllable setting time, and suitable fluidity.
  • Exhibits excellent anti-dispersion performance in dynamic water environments.
  • Optimal mix ratio: water-cement ratio 1; HPMC 1.4%; redispersible latex powder 3%; polypropylene fiber 0.4%; polyether defoamer 0.8%.

Conclusions:

  • The new CSM material is effective for constructing waterproof curtains in dynamic water.
  • Field tests confirmed a leak-free wall with excellent waterproofing performance.
  • The study provides a viable technical reference for applying CSM in challenging water conditions.