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Area of Science:

  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Essential oils (EOs) contain bioactive compounds like monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids with anticancer properties.
  • Direct therapeutic application of these natural compounds is limited by poor bioavailability, potency, and specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review structural modification strategies for enhancing the anticancer activity of EO components.
  • To evaluate the impact of these modifications on potency and mechanisms of action.

Main Methods:

  • Pharmacophore hybridization
  • Heterocycle incorporation (triazoles, oxadiazoles, chalcones)
  • Esterification, halogenation, metal complexation, and nanoparticle conjugation

Main Results:

  • Structural modifications significantly improve the anticancer potential of EO scaffolds.
  • Different strategies offer varying degrees of enhancement across diverse EO components.
  • Evidence base is heterogeneous, limiting direct comparisons and translational interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • Structural modification of EO components is a promising strategy for novel anticancer drug discovery.
  • Standardized biological evaluation, in vivo validation, and pharmacokinetic/toxicity profiling are crucial for clinical translation.