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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Detection and Quantification of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide CGRP in Human Plasma Using a Modified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Non-Infectious Causes for Elevated Procalcitonin.

Stefan Lucian Popa1, Victor Incze2, Abdulrahman Ismaiel1

  • 12nd Medical Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elevated procalcitonin (PCT) levels are not exclusive to bacterial infections. This review highlights non-infectious causes of PCT elevation, emphasizing clinical context for accurate interpretation.

Keywords:
acute pancreatitismalignancynon-infectious inflammationprocalcitoninrenal failureshocksurgerysystemic inflammatory responsetransplantationtrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker often used for diagnosing bacterial infections and sepsis.
  • Clinically significant PCT elevations can also arise from various non-infectious conditions.
  • Understanding these non-infectious causes is crucial for accurate clinical interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review human evidence on non-infectious causes of elevated procalcitonin.
  • To summarize proposed pathophysiological mechanisms for non-infectious PCT elevations.
  • To support context-based interpretation of PCT in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of major biomedical databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus).
  • Inclusion of human studies reporting quantitative PCT values in non-infectious contexts.
  • Eligibility criteria included observational studies, clinical trials, and case series with at least 5 patients.

Main Results:

  • Seventy-six studies were included, covering diverse conditions like systemic inflammation, cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, autoimmune, neurologic, onco-hematologic disorders, surgery, trauma, and transplantation.
  • Non-infectious PCT elevations were variable and often overlapped with ranges seen in bacterial infections.
  • Significant overlap occurred in severe sterile inflammation, tissue injury (e.g., surgery, trauma, pancreatitis, burns), and certain malignancies.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated procalcitonin does not definitively indicate bacterial infection.
  • Clinical context, timing, and serial trends are more important than isolated thresholds for interpretation.
  • Further research is needed on standardized reporting and condition-specific kinetics to refine diagnostic algorithms.