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Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

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Theoretical Analysis of Enhanced Microwave Measurement Using Structured Beams.

Zheng Yin^1,2, Feng Gao¹, Tianyu Chen¹

¹Qingdao Key Laboratory of Terahertz Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Qingdao 266590, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|March 28, 2026

Summary

This study proposes a new method for precisely measuring microwave electric fields using Rydberg atoms and a Bessel-Gauss beam. This technique offers significantly improved sensitivity and spectral resolution compared to existing methods.

Keywords:

Bessel–Gaussian beams Rydberg atoms microwave sensing

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Area of Science:

Atomic Physics
Quantum Optics
Metrology

Background:

Precise measurement of microwave electric fields is crucial for various applications.
Existing methods like electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) have limitations in sensitivity and resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a theoretical scheme for enhanced precision in microwave electric field measurement.
To leverage structured light and Rydberg atoms for improved metrology.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a Bessel-Gauss (BG) beam as a structured control field to drive transitions in Rydberg atoms.
Analyzing the probe transmission spectrum to detect microwave electric fields.
Investigating the effect of the azimuthal index of the BG beam on spectral linewidth.

Main Results:

Achieved a narrow linewidth of probe transmission due to the spatial structure of the BG beam.
Demonstrated that increasing the azimuthal index further narrows the spectral linewidth.
Obtained a minimum detectability of the microwave field approximately one-tenth of that in common EIT schemes.
Improved spectral resolution by about 40 times through simulations.
The proposed system exhibits good robustness.

Conclusions:

The proposed scheme offers superior sensitivity and spectral resolution for microwave electric field measurement.
The use of structured control fields in Rydberg systems presents a promising avenue for advanced metrology.
The system's robustness ensures practical applicability.