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A Species-Independent Lateral Flow Test to Detect Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibodies Using a Double Antigen Approach.

Paul J Wichgers Schreur1, Heleen de Vogel-van den Bosch2, Ruben Massop2

  • 1Department of One Health Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.

Viruses
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new lateral flow test (LFT) can rapidly detect Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) antibodies in animals and humans. This pen-side diagnostic tool aids in faster monitoring and control of RVFV outbreaks.

Keywords:
ELISAbunyavirusdouble-antigenlateral flow testpen-side testrift valley fever virus

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Immunodiagnostics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a re-emerging vector-borne disease prevalent in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
  • RVFV outbreaks significantly impact human and animal health, causing severe economic and social disruption.
  • Existing diagnostic methods like PCR and ELISA lack the speed and accessibility needed for rapid field deployment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel, rapid, species- and immunoglobulin class-independent lateral flow test (LFT) for RVFV antibody detection.
  • To provide a cost-effective, pen-side diagnostic solution for enhanced RVFV surveillance and outbreak management.
  • To improve the speed and efficiency of diagnosing RVFV infections in diverse animal populations and humans.

Main Methods:

  • A double-antigen lateral flow assay (LFT) was designed using the RVFV nucleocapsid protein coupled to carbon nanoparticles and a nitrocellulose membrane.
  • The LFT was qualified using immune sera from various species, including sheep, calves, goats, and humans.
  • Performance was benchmarked against a newly developed double-antigen ELISA and a commercial competition ELISA.

Main Results:

  • The developed LFT demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity in detecting RVFV-specific antibodies.
  • The assay proved effective across multiple animal species and human sera, confirming its broad applicability.
  • Results from the LFT correlated well with established ELISA methods, validating its diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The novel lateral flow test offers a promising advancement for rapid, on-site RVFV antibody detection.
  • This pen-side diagnostic capability facilitates timely outbreak response and disease control strategies.
  • The LFT is nearing practical implementation, significantly enhancing RVFV surveillance efforts.