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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

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Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

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Published on: October 5, 2019

Dual-Site Photocatalysis With Titanium-Oxo Clusters and Single Metal Atoms for H₂ Evolution.

Weiqiang Zhang¹, Ya Chu², Zhengrong Wei³

¹College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|March 28, 2026

Summary

Atomically engineered metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with separated functions boost solar hydrogen production. Ni-based MOFs show superior performance by optimizing electron transfer and charge separation for efficient photocatalysis.

Keywords:

dual‐site photocatalysis photocatalytic H2 evolution photocatalytic mechanism single‐atom catalysis titanium‐oxo cluster

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Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

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Published on: February 11, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Photocatalysis
Renewable Energy

Background:

Charge recombination and kinetic limitations hinder efficient solar hydrogen evolution.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer tunable structures for photocatalyst design.
Spatially separating photophysical and catalytic functions is key to improving photocatalyst performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop atomically engineered MOF-based photocatalysts with decoupled light harvesting and catalytic sites.
To investigate the role of single metal atoms and Ti-oxo clusters in solar hydrogen evolution.
To elucidate the mechanism behind enhanced photocatalytic activity in MOFs.

Main Methods:

Schiff-base modification of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) with thionaphthenquinone (TNQ).
Covalent anchoring of single metal atoms (Co, Ni, Cu) onto the MOF framework.
Characterization using HAADF-STEM, XAS, and XPS.
Mechanistic studies involving EPR and DFT calculations.

Main Results:

A series of 125-TNQ-M (M = Co, Ni, Cu) photocatalysts were successfully synthesized.
125-TNQ-Ni exhibited the highest hydrogen evolution rate (13.54 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) under visible light.
Ni single atoms acted as electron extraction and proton reduction sites, while Ti-oxo clusters served as photoactive centers.
Enhanced activity resulted from improved charge separation and metal-induced pathway reorganization.

Conclusions:

Atomically engineered MOFs can effectively decouple light harvesting and catalytic functions.
Single Ni atoms integrated into MOFs significantly enhance solar hydrogen evolution.
This work provides a platform for designing advanced MOF-based photocatalysts for renewable energy applications.