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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...

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Correction: Kitakaze et al. All-<i>Trans</i> Retinoic Acid-Responsive LGR6 Is Transiently Expressed during Myogenic Differentiation and Is Required for Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2023, <i>24</i>, 9035.

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DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation
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Exercise increases transglutaminase 2 expression in skeletal muscle.

Tomoya Kitakaze1,2, Manami Dokan1, Yuki Kishi2

  • 1Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Endurance exercise increases transglutaminase 2 (TG2) mRNA levels, a myokine linked to muscle growth. This increase is mediated by PGC-1α4 and ATF6α, highlighting a novel pathway in exercise-induced muscle adaptation.

Keywords:
ATF-6αPGC-1α4exerciseskeletal muscletransglutaminase 2

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Area of Science:

  • Muscle physiology
  • Molecular biology
  • Exercise science

Background:

  • Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is recognized as a myokine that promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating TG2 expression during exercise is crucial for muscle adaptation research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between endurance exercise and TG2 mRNA expression.
  • To elucidate the molecular pathways, specifically involving PGC-1α4 and ATF6α, that regulate TG2 mRNA expression during endurance exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Tg2 mRNA expression levels in response to endurance exercise.
  • Correlation analysis between Tg2 mRNA and Pgc-1α4 mRNA expression.
  • Investigating the role of PGC-1α4 and ATF6α in regulating Tg2 mRNA expression.

Main Results:

  • Tg2 mRNA expression levels were found to increase with endurance exercise.
  • A positive correlation was observed between Tg2 mRNA and Pgc-1α4 mRNA expression levels.
  • PGC-1α4 was shown to enhance Tg2 mRNA expression in conjunction with ATF6α.

Conclusions:

  • Endurance exercise upregulates Tg2 mRNA expression.
  • The ATF6α and PGC-1α4 signaling pathway is involved in the exercise-induced increase of Tg2 mRNA.
  • These findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism linking endurance exercise to TG2 expression and potential muscle hypertrophy.