Role of metal nanomaterials in wound healing - a review

Wounds pose a significant burden in a patient's life. Nanotechnology has developed a new era of wound healing through the introduction of nanoparticles. This paper reviews the performance of various metallic nanoparticles, like silver, gold, titanium, magnesium, cerium, and zinc in bacterial reduction, inflammation control, and wound healing when incorporated into wound healing patches. MNPs exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, primarily through reactive oxygen species generation and the release of metallic ions, leading to bacterial cell wall disruption and nutrient deprivation. Their presence at the wound site accelerates healing, enhances wound closure, and promotes cell proliferation. For instance, gold nanoparticles with hydrogels have shown an effectiveness of more than 95% against certain strains and an enhancement in wound healing and closure. Additionally, copper nanoparticles have shown an effectiveness of more than 99% against certain strains and an advancement in the healing process. The review elaborates on the diverse hydrogels, antibacterial, and wound-healing mechanisms of different nanoparticles, as well as future pathways. However, concerns regarding the long-term toxicity of MNPs and immune responses due to prolonged exposure to metal ions remain, which is extensively discussed in the review. Additionally, research on MNPs beyond gold and silver nanoparticles is limited, necessitating further studies to understand their mechanisms and efficacy in wound healing applications.