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Using propensity score matching for sequential recruitment in multigroup cohort studies.

Amanda K Montoya1, Shiloh Cleveland2, Kathleen Lamarque-Navarette2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. akmontoya@ucla.edu.

Journal of Behavioral Medicine
|March 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new propensity score matching method for sequential recruitment in cohort studies. The novel approach effectively balances groups, improving upon traditional methods for analyzing exposure effects.

Keywords:
Cohort StudiesPropensity ScorePropensity Score MatchingRecruitment Methods

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Biostatistics
  • Health Research Methodology

Background:

  • Multigroup cohort studies are crucial for comparing exposed and unexposed groups.
  • Simultaneous recruitment allows for advanced statistical techniques like propensity score matching.
  • Sequential recruitment presents unique challenges for group balancing and confounder control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel, modular five-step propensity score matching method for sequential recruitment in multigroup cohort studies.
  • To provide researchers with R code for implementing the proposed method.
  • To evaluate the performance of the new method in improving group balance.

Main Methods:

  • A five-step modular approach: estimate propensity scores, create propensity clusters, match participants, create holdout groups, and enroll.
  • Repetition of these steps in each recruitment period.
  • Demonstration using a multigroup cohort study on posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular risk.

Main Results:

  • The novel method successfully improved group balance compared to no selection technique.
  • Performance was comparable to propensity score matching used in simultaneous recruitment.
  • The method offers a viable solution for confounder control in sequentially recruited cohorts.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed propensity score matching method is a novel and effective approach for sequential recruitment in multigroup cohort studies.
  • This method enhances the ability to account for confounders in studies with staggered enrollment.
  • Further research can refine covariate selection, propensity score generation, and matching techniques.