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Sponge-Based Flow Control in Laminate Capillary-Driven Electrochemical Microfluidic Devices for Viscous Sample

Diele A G Araújo1, Thaisa A Baldo2, Thiago R L C Paixão1

  • 1Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.

Analytical Chemistry
|March 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel microfluidic device using sponges as passive pumps for analyzing viscous biological fluids like saliva. This innovation enables accurate, real-time "in loco" analysis without sample dilution, advancing portable diagnostic tools.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microfluidic systems offer environmentally friendly analytical methods for real-time,
  • in loco
  • analyses.
  • Capillary-driven microfluidic devices provide fast, low-cost results but struggle with viscous samples and flow control.
  • Analyzing biological fluids like saliva in microfluidic devices is challenging due to viscosity-dependent flow and limited flow rate control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a laminate capillary-driven microfluidic device that overcomes flow limitations for analyzing viscous samples.
  • To integrate a passive pumping mechanism using commercial sponges for controlled flow in microfluidic devices.
  • To enable quantitative electrochemical detection of analytes in undiluted biological fluids, such as saliva.

Main Methods:

  • A laminate capillary-driven microfluidic device was designed and fabricated.
  • Commercial sponges were incorporated as passive pumps to control fluid flow.
  • Electrochemical detection was coupled to the microfluidic device for quantitative analysis.
  • The device was tested for quantifying paracetamol in undiluted human saliva.

Main Results:

  • The sponge-based passive pump provided controlled flow, independent of the device material.
  • The microfluidic design successfully analyzed high-viscosity solutions without compromising electrochemical signal.
  • Paracetamol was quantified in undiluted human saliva with nearly 100% recovery, demonstrating the device's efficacy.
  • The system allowed for potential integration of sample preparation steps by controlling flow via sponge replacement.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed microfluidic device effectively addresses flow challenges in analyzing viscous biological samples.
  • The use of sponges as passive pumps enables controlled, viscosity-independent flow for
  • in loco
  • analysis.
  • This technology paves the way for portable electrochemical devices for real-time saliva analysis outside laboratory settings.