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PTP1B Inhibitors for Type 2 Diabetes: From Natural Products, Synthetic Inhibitors, and Multi-Target Drug Design
Pallavi Joshi1, Avijit Mazumder1, Bhavani Pentela1
1Department of Pharmacology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park- II, Greater Noida, 201306 Uttar Pradesh. India.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors are crucial for treating type 2 diabetes and other diseases. New strategies like PROTAC degraders and multi-target inhibitors are being developed to overcome past challenges in drug discovery.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology
- Drug Discovery and Development
Background:
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remains a global health challenge with existing therapies facing selectivity and bioavailability limitations.
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key therapeutic target for T2DM due to its role in insulin resistance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent advancements (2021-2025) in PTP1B inhibitors for T2DM and other diseases.
- To identify novel therapeutic strategies and challenges in PTP1B inhibitor development.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review of publications from 2021-2025 in the Scopus database, limited to English-language articles indexed in PubMed.
- Utilized keyword combinations including "PTP1B", "Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B", "PTPN1", "inhibitor", "drug discovery", "type 2 diabetes", "insulin resistance", and "structural biology".
Main Results:
- Natural products (terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, diarylheptanoids) and synthetic compounds (thiazole derivatives, coumarin-based compounds, peptide inhibitors) show PTP1B inhibitory activity.
- Computational methods identified allosteric binding sites; however, clinical candidates faced issues with selectivity and efficacy.
- A dual PTPN2/PTPN1 inhibitor (ABBV-CLS-484) shows potential in oncology.
Conclusions:
- PTP1B inhibition has therapeutic potential beyond diabetes, including cancer immunotherapy, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases.
- Emerging strategies like PROTAC degraders, glycosylation-lipidation modifications, and multi-target inhibitors offer new avenues for development.
- Successful clinical translation requires integrated approaches: allosteric modulation, tissue-specific delivery, and patient stratification.
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