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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 2, 2026

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

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Published on: April 18, 2019

Efficacy and Threat Language in PFAS Messaging.

Rachel A Hutchins¹, Lyn M van Swol¹, Bret R Shaw^2,3

¹Department of Communication Art, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis

|April 1, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Public searches for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water reveal websites often lack risk communication best practices. News and research sources emphasize threat more than efficacy, highlighting a gap in public information on PFAS contamination.

Keywords:

Extended Parallel Process Model PFOA PFOS drinking water environmental communication health communication municipal water natural language processing per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances qualitative methodology risk communication

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Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Risk Communication
Public Health

Background:

Growing public awareness of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water drives online information seeking.
Limited understanding exists regarding the content of websites generated by these searches and their adherence to risk communication principles.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the content of top-ranking websites for PFAS and water searches.
To evaluate how threat and efficacy are communicated across different message sources.
To assess alignment with risk communication best practices.

Main Methods:

A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative content analysis and computational linguistic analysis.
Examination of top Google search results for "PFAS and water".
Application of the Extended Parallel Processing Model (threat and efficacy).

Main Results:

News media and research sources more frequently conveyed threat severity, individual susceptibility, negative emotions, and anxious language compared to government or water utility sites.
News media provided more efficacy information, but overall emphasis on efficacy across all sources was low.
Significant discrepancies were observed between current communication practices and established risk communication best practices.

Conclusions:

Current online information on PFAS in drinking water often falls short of best practices for risk communication.
Recommendations are provided for various source types to enhance PFAS communication and better inform the public.
Improving the communication of both threat and efficacy is crucial for public understanding and action regarding PFAS contamination.