Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 3, 2026
12:08
Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
Published on: June 21, 2018
19.8K
3 × 3 model for drug use normalisation: Insights from a scoping review
Daniëlle T P Ketelaars1, Alexandra J Karl1, Maartje Luijten2
1Novadic-Kentron, Network for Addiction Treatment Services, PO Box 243, 5260 AE Vught, the Netherlands.
The International Journal on Drug Policy
|April 1, 2026
Summary
This review defines drug use normalisation as a dynamic, multidimensional process impacting accessibility, prevalence, and legitimacy across societal, contextual, and individual levels. A new model operationalises this concept for clearer measurement and policy development.
Area of Science:
- Social Sciences
- Public Health
- Substance Use Research
Background:
- Drug use normalisation has evolved conceptually, yet lacks a unified definition and operationalised measures.
- Previous research offered partial perspectives, necessitating a comprehensive and contemporary approach.
Conclusions:
- The proposed model offers a comprehensive operationalisation of drug use normalisation.
- This model enhances conceptual clarity and supports consistent measurement.
- It provides a foundation for future research, monitoring, prevention, and policymaking in substance use.
Related Concept Videos
01:09Pharmacodynamic Models: Additive and Proportional Drug Effect Model
67
Drug response models describe how pharmacological agents interact with biological systems to produce measurable effects. Baseline responses are inherent physiological activities without a drug significantly influencing the observed pharmacological outcomes. Depending on the drug response model employed, these baseline responses may combine with the drug's effect in either an additive or proportional manner.Additive Drug Response ModelIn the additive model, the drug effect is independent of the...
67
01:06Three-Compartment Open Model
1.1K
The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...
1.1K
01:20Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview
2.5K
Pharmacokinetic models utilize mathematical analysis to achieve a detailed quantitative understanding of a drug's life cycle within the body. They are instrumental in simulating a drug's pharmacokinetic parameters, predicting drug concentrations over time, optimizing dosage regimens, linking concentrations with pharmacologic activity, and estimating potential toxicity.
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal...
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal...
2.5K
01:23Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Individual and Population Analysis
335
Mechanistic models are utilized in individual analysis using single-source data, but imperfections arise due to data collection errors, preventing perfect prediction of observed data. The mathematical equation involves known values (Xi), observed concentrations (Ci), measurement errors (εi), model parameters (ϕj), and the related function (ƒi) for i number of values. Different least-squares metrics quantify differences between predicted and observed values. The ordinary least...
335
01:18Pharmacodynamic Models: Emax Drug–Concentration Effect Model
141
The Emax drug-concentration effect model is central to pharmacodynamics in drug discovery and development. This model is predicated on the receptor occupancy theory, which posits that the effect of a drug is directly related to the number of receptors occupied by the drug and the resultant complex formation.The model describes the reversible interaction between a drug (C) and a receptor (R) to form a drug-receptor complex (RC). The kinetics of this interaction are quantified by an equation that...
141
01:06Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Distributed Parameter Models
314
Pharmacokinetic models are mathematical constructs that represent and predict the time course of drug concentrations in the body, providing meaningful pharmacokinetic parameters. These models are categorized into compartment, physiological, and distributed parameter models.
The distributed parameter models are specifically designed to account for variations and differences in some drug classes. This model is particularly useful for assessing regional concentrations of anticancer or...
The distributed parameter models are specifically designed to account for variations and differences in some drug classes. This model is particularly useful for assessing regional concentrations of anticancer or...
314