Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Sphenoid Sinusitis-Associated Optic Neuropathy: A Forgotten Disease.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2022

Same author

Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Following Recurrent COVID-19 in Prior Bilateral Sequential Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2022

Same author

Optic nerve sheath diameter and spaceflight: defining shortcomings and future directions.

NPJ microgravity·2022

Same author

Progressive Optic Neuropathy in Cerebellar Ataxia, Areflexia, Optic Atrophy, and Sensorineural Hearing Loss Syndrome: The Importance of Targeted Gene Testing.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2022

Same author

Visual Loss as the Presenting Manifestation of Leptomeningeal Spread of Glioblastoma Multiforme to the Optic Chiasm.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2022

Same author

Papilledema From Froin Syndrome due to a Myxopapillary Ependymoma.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2022

Same journal

Neuro-Ophthalmology.

Neurologic clinics·2026

Same journal

Updates on Treatment in Thyroid Eye Disease for the Neurologist.

Neurologic clinics·2026

Same journal

Updates on Giant Cell Arteritis.

Neurologic clinics·2026

Same journal

Pediatric Optic Neuritis: An Update on Diagnosis and Management.

Neurologic clinics·2026

Same journal

Neuro-Ophthalmic Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Neurologic clinics·2026

Same journal

Virtual Reality Testing in Neurology and Neuro-ophthalmology.

Neurologic clinics·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method

Published on: October 27, 2020

Updates on Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome: Intracranial Changes.

Anokhi Kholwadwala¹, Cihan M Kadipasaoglu², Andrew G Lee³

¹Texas A&M School of Engineering Medicine, 1020 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, USA.

Neurologic Clinics

|April 1, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is likely multifactorial, not solely due to intracranial pressure. Cephalad fluid shifts and outflow obstruction may contribute to SANS development in astronauts.

Keywords:

Brain shifts CNS glymphatics CNS lymphatics MRI Microgravity-induced brain changes Optic disc edema SANS Spaceflight-related intracranial changes

More Related Videos

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

Published on: May 23, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method

Published on: October 27, 2020

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

Published on: May 23, 2011

Area of Science:

Space medicine
Neuro-ophthalmology
Fluid dynamics

Background:

Spaceflight poses risks to astronaut health, including neuro-ocular changes.
Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a growing concern.
Current understanding of SANS pathophysiology is incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current hypotheses on SANS.
To explore microgravity's effects on fluid flow (venous, lymphatic, glymphatic).
To propose a multifactorial model for SANS.

Main Methods:

Literature review of SANS pathophysiology.
Analysis of recent findings on microgravity and fluid dynamics.
Synthesis of data to support a multifactorial hypothesis.

Main Results:

SANS may not be solely caused by intracranial pressure.
Cephalad fluid shifts are implicated in SANS.
Fluid outflow obstruction is a potential contributing factor.

Conclusions:

A multifactorial view of SANS is essential.
Predisposing, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors should be considered.
Further research is needed to elucidate SANS mechanisms.