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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
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Task-free functional connectivity changes before and after hyper- and hypoglycemia in very preterm neonates.

Guy A Perkins1, Giacomo Bianco2, Silvia Guiducci3

  • 1University of Padova, Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, Padua, Italy.

Neurophotonics
|April 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Very preterm infants

Keywords:
diffuse optical tomographyfunctional connectivityglycemianear infrared spectroscopypreterm infants

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal neuroscience
  • Neurodevelopmental biology
  • Metabolic disorders

Background:

  • Very preterm infants exhibit significant blood glucose concentration (BGC) fluctuations due to immature glucose control.
  • Impaired glucose regulation in neonates can impact brain development and function.
  • Understanding brain responses to glycemic events is crucial for identifying early biomarkers of neurodevelopmental vulnerability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between blood glucose concentration (BGC) fluctuations and changes in brain functional connectivity in very preterm infants.
  • To determine if task-free functional connectivity (tfFC) patterns are altered by glycemic variability.
  • To explore potential early biomarkers of brain vulnerability in preterm neonates.

Main Methods:

  • Continuous monitoring of blood glucose concentration (BGC) using a continuous glucose monitoring device.
  • Simultaneous monitoring of brain hemodynamics using diffuse optical tomography.
  • Analysis of task-free functional connectivity (tfFC) patterns in 12 very preterm newborns.

Main Results:

  • Changes in tfFC between left frontal and left parietal regions correlated with the standard deviation of BGC.
  • Alterations in tfFC between central prefrontal cortex and right prefrontal regions correlated with maximum BGC.
  • Specific brain region couplings during rest were found to be dependent on glycemic changes.

Conclusions:

  • Glycemic fluctuations in preterm infants are associated with changes in region-specific brain functional connectivity.
  • These findings suggest that brain area coupling during rest is influenced by glycemic variability in the preterm brain.
  • Characterizing these relationships may offer insights into neurodevelopment and early identification of brain vulnerability.