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Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors

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Published on: February 7, 2018

Protein oxidation in crowded environments.

Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus¹

¹Departamento de Química Física, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

The Biochemical Journal

|April 2, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Protein oxidation is crucial in health and disease. This review highlights how crowded cellular environments, often overlooked, significantly impact protein oxidation rates and pathways, necessitating in-cell studies.

Keywords:

Protein oxidation macromolecular crowding oxidative stress post translational modification protein confinement redox signalling

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Biophysics

Background:

Proteins, abundant macromolecules, are susceptible to oxidation by biological oxidants.
Protein oxidation can lead to reversible modifications or irreversible damage, impacting physiological and pathological processes.
The influence of intracellular conditions like macromolecular crowding on protein oxidation remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the significance of protein oxidation in physiology and pathology.
To discuss the modulatory effects of macromolecular crowding on protein oxidation.
To explore the interplay between crowding, protein oxidation, and phase separation.

Main Methods:

Literature review of protein oxidation mechanisms.
Analysis of studies investigating macromolecular crowding effects.
Synthesis of evidence on crowding, oxidation, and phase separation.

Main Results:

Protein oxidation is vital in redox signaling, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Macromolecular crowding significantly modulates protein oxidation rates and pathways.
Crowding, protein confinement, and phase separation are interconnected in oxidative biology.

Conclusions:

Understanding protein oxidation requires considering the crowded cellular environment.
Future research must transition from dilute in vitro studies to in-cell experimental workflows.
Investigating protein oxidation in native-like cellular conditions is mandatory for accurate insights.