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Pharmaceutical Manufacturing in China Innovation Performance: A Dynamic QCA Analysis Based on the WSR Perspective.

Wangwang Zhu¹, Shiqi Tao², Xiaoying Zhou¹

¹Department of Rehabilitation and Health Care, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.

Clinicoeconomics and Outcomes Research : CEOR

|April 2, 2026

Summary

No single factor drives pharmaceutical innovation in China. Three key pathways—dual-driven, multiple-dominant, and balanced coordination—emerged, highlighting the need for tailored strategies to boost innovation performance.

Keywords:

digital economy dynamic fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis innovation performance pharmaceutical manufacturing wuli-shili-renli methodology

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Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Innovation Management
Systems Theory

Background:

Innovation performance is crucial for the Chinese pharmaceutical industry's global competitiveness.
Understanding the complex interplay of factors influencing innovation is essential for strategic development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the theoretical foundations and driving mechanisms of innovation performance in China's pharmaceutical manufacturing sector.
To provide theoretical and practical insights for enhancing industry innovation capacity and global competitiveness.

Main Methods:

Utilized the "Wuli-Shili-Renli" (WSR) systems methodology and a configurational perspective.
Employed dynamic fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) on Chinese provincial panel data (2015-2021).
Analyzed configurational effects of digital economy, environmental regulation, and social capital on pharmaceutical innovation performance.

Main Results:

No single factor was a necessary condition for high innovation performance.
Identified three effective configurational paths: "dual-driven," "multiple-dominant," and "balanced coordination."
The "balanced coordination" path showed the highest provincial coverage; "multiple-dominant" revealed regional disparities, indicating a need for collaborative innovation.

Conclusions:

Integrated WSR systems methodology with fsQCA, overcoming single-paradigm limitations.
Enriched international innovation management literature with a robust theoretical framework for pharmaceutical innovation.
Provided a cross-cultural exemplar synthesizing Eastern and Western methods, offering actionable insights for policymakers to foster high-quality development.