Programmable CAR immunotherapies for neurodegenerative proteinopathies

Abnormal protein aggregation and a dysregulated neuroimmune environment are defining features of many neurodegenerative disorders. In Alzheimer's disease, systemic monoclonal antibodies against amyloid-β provide proof of principle that immunotherapy can modify disease trajectory. However, clinical benefit is limited by low brain exposure, short-lived activity, the need for repeated dosing, and inflammation-linked toxicity. Building on transformative clinical success in oncology, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapies offer a complementary approach to address these limitations, combining the molecular precision of antibody-derived binders with the versatility and persistence of engineered immune cells. These technologies are being explored for central nervous system (CNS) proteinopathies, where they can couple the selective recognition of pathogenic proteoforms to immune programs that are compatible with the CNS's low tolerance for collateral inflammation. Here, we review CAR strategies for aggregate-selective targeting and explore how to incorporate tunable controls and safety mechanisms. Finally, we examine how distinct CAR-engineered effector cell types may modulate key processes in neurodegeneration, from aggregate clearance to immune rebalancing. Together, these advances define CAR design principles for durable, programmable, and targeted immunomodulation in neurodegenerative disease.